<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mgimorusjirl</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of World Politics and Law of Nations</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Russian Journal of World Politics and Law of Nations</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6322</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МГИМО МИД России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24833/RJWPLN-2023-1-4-31</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mgimorusjirl-28</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Post-Soviet International Affairs</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Post-Soviet International Affairs</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Foreign Policy Orientation and Electoral Behaviour: Analysing Opinion Polls in Belarus, Georgia, and Kazakhstan</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Okunev</surname><given-names>I. Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakova</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>MGIMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>24</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>2</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Okunev I.Y., Shestakova M.N., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Okunev I.Y., Shestakova M.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Okunev I.Y., Shestakova M.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://polities.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/28">https://polities.mgimo.ru/jour/article/view/28</self-uri><abstract><p>In the post-pandemic years of 2021–2022, the post-Soviet space has entered a stage of decisive transformation, which will test the maturity of the state institutions formed 30 years ago for the region’s countries. The study captures a snapshot of public sentiment in these countries on the eve of this wave of transformation – it is based on a series of large-scale opinion polls carried out in Belarus, Georgia and Kazakhstan, conducted immediately after the most recent elections to the lower houses of parliaments of these countries in the pre-crisis era. The main research question of the sociological study was to identify demographic and geographical patterns in determining the attitude of voters toward the prospects for relations with Russia. Countries with traditionally different strategies of relations with Russia were taken: Belarus is a strategic ally, Kazakhstan is friendly but pursues a multi-vector policy, and Georgia is generally hostile at the level of the political class. The analysis showed that in matters of orientation towards positive relations with Russia, the voters of these countries nevertheless had more in common than they had differences. Based on the results of our analysis, several lines of delimitation can be distinguished. Firstly, the “macro-regional, geopolitical” line runs between Belarus and Kazakhstan, on the one hand, and Georgia, on the other. The second split along the “centre-periphery” line takes place within states. Such a demarcation was singled out by many researchers in relation to Russia; however, we found the same demarcations in Belarus (“Minsk and the rest of the country”), and partly in Georgia and Kazakhstan. Finally, the authors acknowledge possible delimitations along the north–south lines in Georgia (Shestakova 2021: 156); to a certain extent along the north–centre–south line in Kazakhstan (Vinogradov 2020: 177), as a result of territorial differentiation, with Russians living in the northern regions of the country and people are more positively disposed to Russia than those living in the more remote southern regions; and somewhat in Belarus – in those regions that border Russia and Ukraine</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>electoral geography</kwd><kwd>post-Soviet space</kwd><kwd>Belarus</kwd><kwd>Georgia</kwd><kwd>Kazakhstan</kwd><kwd>sociological survey</kwd><kwd>foreign policy orientation</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation funding, Grant No. 19-78-10004 (2019–2024) “Transformations of Electoral Behaviour in the Regions of Foreign Countries Bordering the Russian Federation: A Comparative Spatial Analysis,” implemented by the MGIMO research team of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Akhremenko A. S. 2005. Strukturirovanie elektoral'nogo prostranstva v rossiyskikh regionakh: faktornyy analiz parlamentskikh vyborov 1995 [Structuring the Electoral Space in Russian Regions: Factor Analysis of the 1995 Parliamentary Elections]. Polis. No. 2. P. 26–46. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2005.02.03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Akhremenko A. S. 2005. Strukturirovanie elektoral'nogo prostranstva v rossiyskikh regionakh: faktornyy analiz parlamentskikh vyborov 1995 [Structuring the Electoral Space in Russian Regions: Factor Analysis of the 1995 Parliamentary Elections]. Polis. No. 2. P. 26–46. (In Russian). DOI: 10.17976/jpps/2005.02.03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alexander M. G., Levin S., Henry P. J. 2005. Image Theory, Social Identity, and Social Dominance: Structural Characteristics and Individual Motives Underlying International Images. Political Psychology. 26(1). P. 27–45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00408.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alexander M. G., Levin S., Henry P. J. 2005. Image Theory, Social Identity, and Social Dominance: Structural Characteristics and Individual Motives Underlying International Images. Political Psychology. 26(1). P. 27–45. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00408.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belanovsky S.A. (2019). Glubokoe interv'yu i fokus gruppy [In-depth Interviews and Focus Groups]. Moscow: NITs INFRA-M. 377 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belanovsky S.A. (2019). Glubokoe interv'yu i fokus gruppy [In-depth Interviews and Focus Groups]. Moscow: NITs INFRA-M. 377 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Boulding K. E. 1959. National Images and International Systems. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 3(2). P. 120–131.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boulding K. E. 1959. National Images and International Systems. Journal of Conflict Resolution. 3(2). P. 120–131.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bryman A., Bell E. 2012. Metody social'nykh issledovaniy. Gruppy, organizatsii i biznes [Methods of Social Research. Groups, Organizations and Businesses]. Gumanitarnyy Tsentr. 776 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bryman A., Bell E. 2012. Metody social'nykh issledovaniy. Gruppy, organizatsii i biznes [Methods of Social Research. Groups, Organizations and Businesses]. Gumanitarnyy Tsentr. 776 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castano E., Bonacossa A., Gries P. 2015. National Images as Integrated Schemas: Subliminal Primes of Image Attributes Shape Foreign Policy Preferences. Political Psychology. 37(3). P. 351–366. DOI: 10.1111/pops.12259</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castano E., Bonacossa A., Gries P. 2015. National Images as Integrated Schemas: Subliminal Primes of Image Attributes Shape Foreign Policy Preferences. Political Psychology. 37(3). P. 351–366. DOI: 10.1111/pops.12259</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deutsch K. et al. 1957. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International organization in the light of historical experience. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press. 228 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deutsch K. et al. 1957. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area: International organization in the light of historical experience. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press. 228 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fisher A. 2020. Demonizing the Enemy: the Influence of Russian State-Sponsored Media on American Audiences. Post-Soviet Affairs. 36(4). P. 281–296. DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2020.1730121</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fisher A. 2020. Demonizing the Enemy: the Influence of Russian State-Sponsored Media on American Audiences. Post-Soviet Affairs. 36(4). P. 281–296. DOI: 10.1080/1060586X.2020.1730121</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jervis R. 1970. The Logic of Images in International Relations. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press. 281 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jervis R. 1970. The Logic of Images in International Relations. Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press. 281 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hazbun W. 2011. The Middle East through the lens of critical geopolitics: Globalization, terrorism, and the Iraq war. In M. E. Bonine, M. Gasper, A. Amanat, eds. Is There a Middle East? The Evolution of a Geopolitical Concept. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 207–230.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hazbun W. 2011. The Middle East through the lens of critical geopolitics: Globalization, terrorism, and the Iraq war. In M. E. Bonine, M. Gasper, A. Amanat, eds. Is There a Middle East? The Evolution of a Geopolitical Concept. Stanford: Stanford University Press. P. 207–230.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalinina E., Menke M. 2016. Negotiating the Past in Hyperconnected Memory Cultures: Post- Soviet nostalgia and National Identity in Russian Online Communities. International Journal of Media &amp; Cultural Politics. 12(1). P. 59–74. DOI: 10.1386/macp.12.1.59_1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalinina E., Menke M. 2016. Negotiating the Past in Hyperconnected Memory Cultures: Post- Soviet nostalgia and National Identity in Russian Online Communities. International Journal of Media &amp; Cultural Politics. 12(1). P. 59–74. DOI: 10.1386/macp.12.1.59_1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kazantsev A. A., Merkushev V. N. 2008. Rossiya i postsovetskoe prostranstvo: perspektivy ispol'zovaniya “myagkoy sily” [Russia and the post-Soviet Space: Prospects for the Use of “Soft Power”]. Polis. No. 2. P. 122–135. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kazantsev A. A., Merkushev V. N. 2008. Rossiya i postsovetskoe prostranstvo: perspektivy ispol'zovaniya “myagkoy sily” [Russia and the post-Soviet Space: Prospects for the Use of “Soft Power”]. Polis. No. 2. P. 122–135. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kunczik M. 1996. Images of Nations and International Public Relations. New York: Routledge. 255 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kunczik M. 1996. Images of Nations and International Public Relations. New York: Routledge. 255 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolossov V. 2003. “High” and “Low” Geopolitics: Images of Foreign Countries in the Eyes of Russian Citizens. Geopolitics. 8(1). P. 121–148. DOI: 10.1080/714001015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolossov V. 2003. “High” and “Low” Geopolitics: Images of Foreign Countries in the Eyes of Russian Citizens. Geopolitics. 8(1). P. 121–148. DOI: 10.1080/714001015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kolossov V. 2013. The vision of Europe and the world as seen by large powers: The case of the BRIC countries. Geographia Polonica. 86(2). P. 89–98. DOI: GPol.2013.10</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kolossov V. 2013. The vision of Europe and the world as seen by large powers: The case of the BRIC countries. Geographia Polonica. 86(2). P. 89–98. DOI: GPol.2013.10</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kotlyarov I. V. 2013. Dinamika vzaimootnosheniy Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Respubliki Belarus': sotsiologicheskiy analiz [Dynamics of relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus: Sociological Analysis]. The Sociological Almanac. No. 4. P. 107–119. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotlyarov I. V. 2013. Dinamika vzaimootnosheniy Rossiyskoy Federatsii i Respubliki Belarus': sotsiologicheskiy analiz [Dynamics of relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus: Sociological Analysis]. The Sociological Almanac. No. 4. P. 107–119. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lebedeva M. M., Kharkevich M. V. 2014. «Myagkaya sila» Rossii v razvitii integratsionnykh protsessov na evraziyskom prostranstve [The Role of the Russian Soft Power in Eurasian Integration]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 2(35). P. 10–13. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-10-13 (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lebedeva M. M., Kharkevich M. V. 2014. «Myagkaya sila» Rossii v razvitii integratsionnykh protsessov na evraziyskom prostranstve [The Role of the Russian Soft Power in Eurasian Integration]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 2(35). P. 10–13. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-10-13 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee M. 2011. Nostalgia as a Feature of “Glocalization”: Use of the Past in Post-Soviet Russia. Post-Soviet Affairs. 27(2). P. 158–177. DOI: 10.2747/1060-586X.27.2.158</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee M. 2011. Nostalgia as a Feature of “Glocalization”: Use of the Past in Post-Soviet Russia. Post-Soviet Affairs. 27(2). P. 158–177. DOI: 10.2747/1060-586X.27.2.158</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loshkarev I. D. 2015. Rol' diaspor v sovremennoy mirovoy politike [The Role of Diasporas in the Current World Politics]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 2(41). P. 120–126. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-120-126 (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loshkarev I. D. 2015. Rol' diaspor v sovremennoy mirovoy politike [The Role of Diasporas in the Current World Politics]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 2(41). P. 120–126. DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2015-2-41-120-126 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manakov A. G. 2016. Faktor granitsy v zhizni naseleniya zapadnykh rayonov Pskovskoy oblasti [The Border Factor in the Life of the Population of the Western Districts of the Pskov Region]. Socioeconomic, Geopolitical and Socio-Cultural Problems of the Development of the Border Regions of Russia Materials of the XXXII annual session of the Economic and Geographical Section of MARS. P. 190–198. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manakov A. G. 2016. Faktor granitsy v zhizni naseleniya zapadnykh rayonov Pskovskoy oblasti [The Border Factor in the Life of the Population of the Western Districts of the Pskov Region]. Socioeconomic, Geopolitical and Socio-Cultural Problems of the Development of the Border Regions of Russia Materials of the XXXII annual session of the Economic and Geographical Section of MARS. P. 190–198. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Manakov A. G. 2021. Osnovnye trendy etnicheskoy i yazykovoy transformatsii postsovetskogo prostranstva [The Main Trends of Ethnic and Linguistic Transformation of the post-Soviet Space]. History, Theory, Methods, Practice. Collection of scientific articles of the VII All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation. Smolensk. P. 339–346. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Manakov A. G. 2021. Osnovnye trendy etnicheskoy i yazykovoy transformatsii postsovetskogo prostranstva [The Main Trends of Ethnic and Linguistic Transformation of the post-Soviet Space]. History, Theory, Methods, Practice. Collection of scientific articles of the VII All-Russian Scientific Conference with international participation. Smolensk. P. 339–346. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mazur L. 2015. Golden Age Mythology and the Nostalgia of Catastrophes in post-Soviet Russia. Canadian Slavonic Papers. 57(3–4). P. 213–238. DOI: 10.1080/00085006.2015.1090731</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazur L. 2015. Golden Age Mythology and the Nostalgia of Catastrophes in post-Soviet Russia. Canadian Slavonic Papers. 57(3–4). P. 213–238. DOI: 10.1080/00085006.2015.1090731</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mosaki N. Z. 2018. Etnicheskaya kartina Gruzii po rezul'tatam perepisi 2014 g. [Ethnic Picture of Georgia according to the Results of the 2014]. Ethnographic Review. No. 1. P. 104–120. (In Russian). DOI: 10.7868/S0869541518010086</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mosaki N. Z. 2018. Etnicheskaya kartina Gruzii po rezul'tatam perepisi 2014 g. [Ethnic Picture of Georgia according to the Results of the 2014]. Ethnographic Review. No. 1. P. 104–120. (In Russian). DOI: 10.7868/S0869541518010086</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okunev I. Yu. 2009. Geograficheskoe voobrazhenie kak predmet issledovaniya kriticheskoy geopolitiki (obzor) [Geographical Imagination as a Subject of Critical Geopolitics Research (Review)]. Political Science. No. 4. P. 126–137. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okunev I. Yu. 2009. Geograficheskoe voobrazhenie kak predmet issledovaniya kriticheskoy geopolitiki (obzor) [Geographical Imagination as a Subject of Critical Geopolitics Research (Review)]. Political Science. No. 4. P. 126–137. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okunev I. Yu., Shestakova M. N., Bibina E. S. 2020. Neighborhood with Russia: Implications for Regional Differentiation of Public Opinion in Belarus. Russia in Global Affairs. 18(4). P. 10–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okunev I. Yu., Shestakova M. N., Bibina E. S. 2020. Neighborhood with Russia: Implications for Regional Differentiation of Public Opinion in Belarus. Russia in Global Affairs. 18(4). P. 10–36.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Okunev I. Yu., Shmatkova L. P. 2021. Effekt sosedstva v Bol'shoy Evrazii: prostranstvennyy avtokorrelyatsionnyy i klasternyy analiz. [Neighborhood effect in Greater Eurasia: spatial autocorrelation and cluster analysis]. News of Irkutsk State University. Political Science series. Religious Studies. 37. P. 58–65. (In Russian). DOI: 10.26516/2073-3380.2021.37.58</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Okunev I. Yu., Shmatkova L. P. 2021. Effekt sosedstva v Bol'shoy Evrazii: prostranstvennyy avtokorrelyatsionnyy i klasternyy analiz. [Neighborhood effect in Greater Eurasia: spatial autocorrelation and cluster analysis]. News of Irkutsk State University. Political Science series. Religious Studies. 37. P. 58–65. (In Russian). DOI: 10.26516/2073-3380.2021.37.58</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Reilly K. P. 2007. Perceiving Rogue States: The Use of the “Rogue State” Concept by US foreign Policy Elites. Foreign Policy Analysis. 3(4). P. 295–315. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-8594.2007.00052.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Reilly K. P. 2007. Perceiving Rogue States: The Use of the “Rogue State” Concept by US foreign Policy Elites. Foreign Policy Analysis. 3(4). P. 295–315. DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-8594.2007.00052.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popova O. V. 2019. Gosudarstvennaya politika identichnosti kak teoreticheskiy konstrukt i real'naya praktika: opyt ekspertnykh ocenok rossiyskikh issledovateley [State identity policy as a Theoretical Construct and Real Practice: the Experience of Expert Assessments of Russian Researchers]. South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences. 20(4). P. 74–91. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31429/26190567-20-4-74-91</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popova O. V. 2019. Gosudarstvennaya politika identichnosti kak teoreticheskiy konstrukt i real'naya praktika: opyt ekspertnykh ocenok rossiyskikh issledovateley [State identity policy as a Theoretical Construct and Real Practice: the Experience of Expert Assessments of Russian Researchers]. South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences. 20(4). P. 74–91. (In Russian). DOI: 10.31429/26190567-20-4-74-91</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savchuk G. A., Frants V. A., Saidmagomedova D. S. 2022. Effekt strany proiskhozhdeniya v reputatsii rossiyskoy metallurgicheskoy produktsii na rynkakh stran Tsentral'noy Azii [The Countryof- Origin Effect on the Reputation of Russian Metallurgical Products in Central Asian Markets]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 15(1). P. 207–229. (In Russian). DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2022-1-82-207-229</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savchuk G. A., Frants V. A., Saidmagomedova D. S. 2022. Effekt strany proiskhozhdeniya v reputatsii rossiyskoy metallurgicheskoy produktsii na rynkakh stran Tsentral'noy Azii [The Countryof- Origin Effect on the Reputation of Russian Metallurgical Products in Central Asian Markets]. MGIMO Review of International Relations. 15(1). P. 207–229. (In Russian). DOI: 10.24833/2071-8160-2022-1-82-207-229</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schweller R. L. 2004. Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing. International Security. 29(2). P. 159–201. DOI: 10.1162/0162288042879913</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schweller R. L. 2004. Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing. International Security. 29(2). P. 159–201. DOI: 10.1162/0162288042879913</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharp J. 2011. A subaltern Critical Geopolitics of the War on terror: Postcolonial Security in Tanzania. Geoforum. 42(3). P. 297–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.04.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharp J. 2011. A subaltern Critical Geopolitics of the War on terror: Postcolonial Security in Tanzania. Geoforum. 42(3). P. 297–305. DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.04.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shestakova M. N. 2019. Elektoral'nye protsessy v pogranich'e: k postanovke problem [Electoral Processes in the Borderlands: towards the Formulation of the Problem]. Trajectories of Russia's Political Development: Institutions, projects, actors. Materials of the All-Russian scientific conference RAPN with international participation. Moscow Pedagogical State University. Moscow. P. 443–444. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakova M. N. 2019. Elektoral'nye protsessy v pogranich'e: k postanovke problem [Electoral Processes in the Borderlands: towards the Formulation of the Problem]. Trajectories of Russia's Political Development: Institutions, projects, actors. Materials of the All-Russian scientific conference RAPN with international participation. Moscow Pedagogical State University. Moscow. P. 443–444. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shestakova M. N. 2021. Territorial'naya differenciatsiya obshchestvennykh nastroeniy v sovremennoy Gruzii (opyt sotsiologicheskogo oprosa) [Territorial Differentiation of Public Attitudes in Modern Georgia (the Experience of a Sociological Survey)]. Social and Humanitarian Knowledge. 7(2). P. 146–157. (In Russian). DOI: 10.18255/2412-6519-2021-2-146-157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shestakova M. N. 2021. Territorial'naya differenciatsiya obshchestvennykh nastroeniy v sovremennoy Gruzii (opyt sotsiologicheskogo oprosa) [Territorial Differentiation of Public Attitudes in Modern Georgia (the Experience of a Sociological Survey)]. Social and Humanitarian Knowledge. 7(2). P. 146–157. (In Russian). DOI: 10.18255/2412-6519-2021-2-146-157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sriramesh K., Verčič D., eds. 2003. The Global Public Relations Handbook Theory, Research, and Practice. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 564 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sriramesh K., Verčič D., eds. 2003. The Global Public Relations Handbook Theory, Research, and Practice. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. 564 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strüver A. 2007. The Production of Geopolitical and Gendered Images through Global aid Organisations. Geopolitics. 12(4). P. 680–703. DOI: 10.1080/14650040701546111</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strüver A. 2007. The Production of Geopolitical and Gendered Images through Global aid Organisations. Geopolitics. 12(4). P. 680–703. DOI: 10.1080/14650040701546111</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Suzdaltsev A. I. 2020. Krizis soyuznogo gosudarstva Belorussii i Rossii [The Crisis of the Union state of Belarus and Russia]. World Economy and International Relations. 64(3). P. 56–67. (In Russian). DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-3-56-67</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Suzdaltsev A. I. 2020. Krizis soyuznogo gosudarstva Belorussii i Rossii [The Crisis of the Union state of Belarus and Russia]. World Economy and International Relations. 64(3). P. 56–67. (In Russian). DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-3-56-67</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tarasov I. N., Fidrya E. S. 2016. Geografiya elektoral'noy volatil'nosti v Varminsko-Mazurskom voevodstve Pol'shi [The Geography of Electoral Volatility in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship of Poland]. The Baltic Region. 8(4). P. 78–89. (In Russian). DOI: 10.5922/2074-9848-2016-4-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tarasov I. N., Fidrya E. S. 2016. Geografiya elektoral'noy volatil'nosti v Varminsko-Mazurskom voevodstve Pol'shi [The Geography of Electoral Volatility in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship of Poland]. The Baltic Region. 8(4). P. 78–89. (In Russian). DOI: 10.5922/2074-9848-2016-4-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turovsky R. F. 2006. Regional'noe izmerenie elektoral'nogo protsessa [Regional Dimension of the Electoral Process]. Social Sciences and Modernity. No. 5. P. 1–20. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turovsky R. F. 2006. Regional'noe izmerenie elektoral'nogo protsessa [Regional Dimension of the Electoral Process]. Social Sciences and Modernity. No. 5. P. 1–20. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venkatesh S. 2017. Glavar' bandy na den'. Izgoy-sociolog vykhodit na ulitsu [The Leader of the Gang for the Day. An Outcast Sociologist Takes to the Streets]. Moscow: Ripol Classic. 320 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venkatesh S. 2017. Glavar' bandy na den'. Izgoy-sociolog vykhodit na ulitsu [The Leader of the Gang for the Day. An Outcast Sociologist Takes to the Streets]. Moscow: Ripol Classic. 320 p. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinogradov V. V. 2020. Kazakhstan kak chast' postsovetskogo prostranstva: osobennosti elektoral'nogo protsessa [Kazakhstan as a Part of the post-Soviet Space: Features of the Electoral Process]. The Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations. 9(3). P. 166–180. (In Russian). DOI: 10.35775/PSI.2020.33.3.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinogradov V. V. 2020. Kazakhstan kak chast' postsovetskogo prostranstva: osobennosti elektoral'nogo protsessa [Kazakhstan as a Part of the post-Soviet Space: Features of the Electoral Process]. The Eurasian Union: Issues of International Relations. 9(3). P. 166–180. (In Russian). DOI: 10.35775/PSI.2020.33.3.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
